Типологическая база данных : Результат запроса

NUMBER: 2001

LANGUAGE: Ainu

DIALECT: Sakhalin

LOCATION: SE Russia (Sakhalin Island)

POPULATION: 15 ((+)1994)

CLASSIFICA: Eurasiatic

DICTIONARY: Hattori, Shirô, ed. 1964. An Ainu Dialect Dictionary. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.

OTHERSOURC: Hattori, Shirô. 1967. "Personal Affixes in the Sakhalin Dialect of Ainu," Linguistics 29, 58-79.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k ʔ
    č
    s h
m n
    r

STOPS: p t k ʔ

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: s h

NASALS: m n

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

SYLLABLE: CV(C)

DEMONSTRAT: 3

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6
Politeness: 2 pol & 5 pol

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 2002

LANGUAGE: Gilyak

ALTERNATEN: Nivx, Nivkh

LOCATION: SE Russia (Sakhalin Island)

POPULATION: 2,800

CLASSIFICA: Eurasiatic

DICTIONARY:

Saveleva, V.N. and C.M. Taksami. 1965. Russko-nivxskij slovar'. Moscow.

GRAMMAR:

Panfilov, V.Z. 1962, 1965. Grammatika ivxskogo jazyka, 2 vols. Moscow.
Panfilov, V.Z. 1968. "Nivxskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 408-34.

OTHERSOURC:

Jakobson, Roman. 1957. "Notes on Gilyak," in Studies Presented to Yuen Ren Chao on his Sixty-fifth Birthday, 255-81.
AL 7:1

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h q q^h
b d ɡ G
    č č^h
    ɡ̌
f s x χ h
v z ɣ ʁ
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r ř(=r^ž)

STOPS: p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ q q^h G

AFFRICATES: č č^h ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v s z x ɣ χ ʁ h

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r ř(=r^ž)

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

i u
e ǝ o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: (v̄)

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

STRESS: free, but often initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 5: this, that, that further away, that absent, that way yonder

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4ie
2* 5
3 6
Politeness: 2 fam & 2 respectful [2 respectful=5]

SYNTAX: SOV AN DN POSS-N D+A+N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 2003

LANGUAGE: Chukchi

LOCATION: NE Russia (Chukchi Peninsula)

POPULATION: 11,000

CLASSIFICA: Chukchi-Kamchatkan: Northern

DICTIONARY: Moll, T.A. and P.I. Inenlikej. 1957. Chukotsko-russkij slovar'. Leningrad.

GRAMMAR:

Skorik, P.J. 1961. Grammatika chukotskogo jazyka, Part I. Moscow.
Sokrik, P.J. 1968. "Chukotskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 248-70.

OTHERSOURC:

Bogoras, W. 1922. "Chukchee," in Handbook of American Indian Lanugages, ed. by Franz Boas, Washington.
CTIL 1, 359.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k q ʔ
    t^s(used only by women) č
    ɣ
m n ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p t k q ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s(used only by women) č

FRICATIVES: ɣ

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ t k q m n ŋ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e ǝ o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ ?

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

STRESS: penult & final

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO(ERG)/SOV(NOM) AN GN DN NUM-N

ERGATIVE: ERG

NOUNINCORP: NOUN INCORP

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 2004

LANGUAGE: Kerek

LOCATION: NE Russia (Cape Navarin)

POPULATION: 100

CLASSIFICA: Chukchi-Kamchatkan: Northern: Koryak-Alyutor

GRAMMAR: Skorik, P.J. 1968. "Kerekskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 310-33.

CONSONANTS:

    p t k q ʔ
    č̌
    h
    (ɣ)
m n ŋ
    l
    (r)

STOPS: p t k q ʔ

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: (ɣ) h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: (r)

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ all but ʔ h

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

    i u
    ǝ
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

NOUNNUMBER: s d p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

SYNTAX: SVO(ERG)/SOV(NOM) AN

ERGATIVE: ERG

NOUNINCORP: NOUN INCORP

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 2005

LANGUAGE: Koryak

LOCATION: E Russia (N Kamchatkan Peninsula)

POPULATION: 6,000

CLASSIFICA: Chukchi-Kamchatkan: Northern: Koryak-Alyutor

DICTIONARY: Korsakov, G.M. 1939. Nymykansko (korjaksko)-russkij slovar'. Moscow.

GRAMMAR:

Zhukova, A.N. 1968. "Korjakskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 271-93.
Zhukova, A.N. 1972. Grammatika korjakskogo jazyka. Leningrad: Nauka.

OTHERSOURC: CTIL 1, 363.

CONSONANTS:

    p t k q ʔ
    č̌
(f)
v ɣ ʁ
m n ŋ
    l

STOPS: p t k q ʔ

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: (f) v ɣ ʁ

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

MODIFIEDCO:

c̄ all but v j ʁ
c^j t n l

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

    i u
   e (ǝ) o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: (ǝ) a

BACKVOWELS: u o

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C), but no CCVCC

STRESS: tendency toward penult

NOUNNUMBER: s d p

DEMONSTRAT: 3

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

ERGATIVE: ERG

NOUNINCORP: NOUN INCORP

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 2006

LANGUAGE: Alyutor

LOCATION: E Russia (Kamchatkan Peninsula)

POPULATION: 1,000

CLASSIFICA: Chukchi-Kamchatkan: Northern: Koryak-Alyutor

GRAMMAR: Zhukova, A.N. 1968. "Aljutorskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 294-309.

OTHERSOURC: Mel'č̌uk, Igor A. and Elena N. Savvina. 1978. "Toward a Formal Model of Alutor Surface Syntax: Predicative and Completive Constructions," Linguistics, Special Issue, 5-39.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k q ʔ
    č
    s
v ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
    l ʎ
    r

STOPS: p t k q ʔ

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: v s ɣ

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l ʎ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ all but ʔ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

    i u
    ǝ
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u

STRESS: mostly second, sometimes initial

NOUNNUMBER: s d p

DEMONSTRAT: 3

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

SYNTAX: SVO AN

ERGATIVE: ERG

NOUNINCORP: NOUN INCORP

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 2007

LANGUAGE: Kamchadal

ALTERNATEN: Itelmen

LOCATION: E Russia (W Kamchatkan Peninsula)

POPULATION: 400

CLASSIFICA: Chukchi-Kamchatkan: Southern

DICTIONARY: Worth, Dean S. 1969. Dictionary of Western Kamchadal. UCPL 59.

GRAMMAR: Volodin, A.P. and A.N. Zhukova. 1968. "Itel'menskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 334-51.

OTHERSOURC: Worth, Dean Stoddard. 1961. Kamchadal Texts Collected by W. Jochelson. The Hague: Mouton.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^ʔt t^ʔ k k^ʔ q q^ʔ ʔ
    č č^ʔ
f s x χ
v z ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
    l ɬ ʎ
    r

STOPS: p p^ʔt t^ʔ k k^ʔ q q^ʔ ʔ

AFFRICATES: č č^ʔ

FRICATIVES: f v s z x ɣ χ

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l ɬ ʎ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ k č s z ɣ m n ñ l w

GLIDES: j w w̥

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a ɑ

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɑ

LONGVOWELS: v̄ ?

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

STRESS: penult (sometimes antepenult)

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 (4d) 4
2 (5d) 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE: ERG

NOUNINCORP: NOUN INCORP

PREPPOST: /POST

COMMENTS: all bilingual in Russian

NUMBER: 2008

LANGUAGE: Aleut

LOCATION: SW Alaska (Aleutian Islands)

POPULATION: 600

CLASSIFICA: Eskimo-Aleut: Aleut

GRAMMAR:

GD: Geoghegan, Richard Henry. 1944. The Aleut Language. Washington, D,C.: Dept of the Interior.
Menovshchikov, G.A. 1968. "Aleutskij jazyk" in JNS 5, 386-406.

CONSONANTS:

   (p) t k q
(b)
    s x χ h
    ð ɣ ʁ
   m n ŋ
    l ɬ
    r
(in some dialects p > m, b > w)

STOPS: (p) (b) t k q (in some dialects p > m, b > w)

FRICATIVES: ð s x ɣ χ ʁ h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

NOUNNUMBER: s d p

DEMONSTRAT: >20, +e.g This, that near visible, that inside, that far visible, that invisible, that above, that outside, that far away, that underneath, that not far away, that going past, that invisible far in time or space, that above close, that lying nearby, that

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

SYNTAX: SOV NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE: ERG

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 2009

LANGUAGE: Proto-Eskimo

LOCATION: Alaska

CLASSIFICA: Eskimo-Aleut: Eskimo

OTHERSOURC: Swadesh, Morris. 1952. "Unaaliq and Proto Eskimo IV: Diachronic Notes," IJAL 18, 166-71.

CONSONANTS:

p t k q

v s ɣ ʁ
m n ŋ
l ɬ

STOPS: p t k q

FRICATIVES: v s ɣ ʁ

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l ɬ

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 2010

LANGUAGE: Alaskan Inuit

LOCATION: Alaska

POPULATION: 65,000

CLASSIFICA: Eskimo-Aleut: Eskimo: Inuit

CONSONANTS:

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 2011

LANGUAGE: Canadian Inuit

DIALECT: Labrador Inuttut

LOCATION: E Canada (Labrador)

POPULATION: 65,000

CLASSIFICA: Eskimo-Aleut: Eskimo: Inuit

GRAMMAR: Spalding, A.E. 1969. Salliq: An Eskimo Grammar. Ottawa: Education Branch, Dept. of Indian Affairs.

TEXTBOOKS: Webster, Donald H. 1968. Let's Learn Eskimo. Fairbanks: SIL.

OTHERSOURC: Smith, L.R. 1975. "Labrador Inuttut Surface Phonology," IJAL 41, 97-105.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
    s χ (h)
v ɣ
m n ŋ
    l ɬ
    (ɹ̣)

STOPS: p t k

FRICATIVES: v s ɣ χ (h)

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: (ɹ̣)

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ all but v s ɣ

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

I ʋ
ɐ

FRONTVOWEL: I

CENTRALVOW: ɐ

BACKVOWELS: ʋ

LONGVOWELS: ī ā ū

NOUNNUMBER: s d p

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

SYNTAX: SOV GN N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 2012

LANGUAGE: Greenlandic

DIALECT: West Greenlandic

LOCATION: W Greenland

POPULATION: 65,000

CLASSIFICA: Eskimo-Aleut: Eskimo: Inuit

OTHERSOURC:

Mase, Hideo and Jørgen Rischel,1972. "A Study of Consonant Quantity in West Greenlandic," IJDL 1:2, 138-95.
WALS

CONSONANTS:

   p t k q
    s š
    ɣ ʁ
m n ŋ
    l

STOPS: p t k q

FRICATIVES: s š ɣ ʁ

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ all but j

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
a

FRONTVOWEL: i

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

DIPHTHONGS: ai only

SYLLABLE: CV(C)

SYNTAX: SOV

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 2013

LANGUAGE: Alutiiq

ALTERNATEN: Pacific Gulf Yupik

LOCATION: Alaska (Kodiak Island)

POPULATION: 2,000

CLASSIFICA: Eskimo-Aleut: Eskimo: Yupik: Alaskan

CONSONANTS:

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 2014

LANGUAGE: Central Yupik

DIALECT: Yuk

LOCATION: W Alaska

POPULATION: 14,500

CLASSIFICA: Eskimo-Aleut: Eskimo: Yupik: Alaskan

OTHERSOURC:

Miyaoka, Osahito. 1971. "On Syllable Modification and Quantity in Yuk," IJAL 37, 219-26.
Swedish, Morris. 1951-2. "Unaaliq and Proto Eskimo I-III," IJAL 17, 66-70; 18, 25-34, & 69-76.

CONSONANTS:

p t k q
č
f v š ž x ɣ χ ʁ
m n ŋ
l ɬ

STOPS: p t k q

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: f v š ž x ɣ χ ʁ

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l ɬ

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u

LONGVOWELS: i a u

NOUNNUMBER: s d p

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

SYNTAX: SOV NUM-N N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 2015

LANGUAGE: Sirenik

LOCATION: NE Russia (Siberia)

POPULATION: 10

CLASSIFICA: Eskimo-Aleut: Eskimo: Yupik: Siberian

CONSONANTS:

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 2016

LANGUAGE: Chaplino

DIALECT: St. Lawrence Island

LOCATION: W Alaska (St. Lawrence Island)

POPULATION: 1,700

CLASSIFICA: Eskimo-Aleut: Eskimo: Yupik: Siberian

OTHERSOURC: Krauss, Michael E. 1976. "Eskimo-Aleut," in NLA 1, 191.

CONSONANTS:

p t k kʷ q qʷ

f v s z x ɣ xʷ ɣʷ χ ʁ χʷ ʁʷ (h)
m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥ ŋʷ ŋ̥ʷ
l ɬ
r r̥

STOPS: p t k kʷ q qʷ

FRICATIVES: f v s z x ɣ xʷ ɣʷ χ ʁ χʷ ʁʷ (h)

NASALS: m m̥ n n̥ ŋ ŋ̥ ŋʷ ŋ̥ʷ

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r r̥

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS:

u

LONGVOWELS: i a u

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 2017

LANGUAGE: Chaplino

DIALECT: Siberian

LOCATION: NE Russia (Siberia)

POPULATION: 1,700

CLASSIFICA: Eskimo-Aleut: Eskimo: Yupik: Siberian

GRAMMAR:

Menovshchikov, G.A. 1954. Eskimossko-russkij slovar'. Leningrad.
Menovshehikov, G.A. 1962,1967. Grammatika jazyka aziatskix eskimosov, 2 vols. Moscow.
Menovshchikov, G.A. 1968. "Eskimosskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 366-85.

CONSONANTS:

p t k q

f v s z š x ɣ χ ʁ
m n n̥ ŋ
l ɬ
r

STOPS: p t k q

FRICATIVES: f v s z š x ɣ χ ʁ

NASALS: m n n̥ ŋ

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i

CENTRALVOW: ɨ a

BACKVOWELS: u

LONGVOWELS: v̄

NOUNNUMBER: s d p

DEMONSTRAT: 20: see the St. Lawrence Island dialect.

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE: ERG

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 2018

LANGUAGE: Naukan

LOCATION: NE Russia (Siberia)

POPULATION: 1,700

CLASSIFICA: Eskimo-Aleut: Eskimo: Yupik: Siberian

GRAMMAR: GD: Menovshchikov, G.A. 1975. Jazyk naukanskix eskimosov. Leningrad: Nauka.

CONSONANTS:

p t k q

v s x ɣ χ
m n ŋ
l ɬ
r

STOPS: p t k q

FRICATIVES: v s x ɣ χ

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i

CENTRALVOW: ɨ a

BACKVOWELS: u

LONGVOWELS: v̄

DIPHTHONGS: ʋi au ei iu eu ea ...

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

NOUNNUMBER: s d p

DEMONSTRAT: 20: (1) this close, (2) that in front, (3) this nearby, (4) that in the water, (5) that behind above, (6) that below, (7) that above, (8) that invisible, (9) that outside, (10) that outside close by, (11) that inside, (12) that invisible far away, (13) that behind not far, (14) that unknown, (15) that way above, (16) that on the mountain, (17) that far away, (18) that going past, (19) that drawing near, (20) that to the side

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE: ERG

PREPPOST: /POST

COMMENTS: Spoken in Siberia and on St. Lawrence Island, this the only language native to bother hemispheres. The Russian and American groups have, however, been isolated from each other since the inception of the Cold War in 1947.

NUMBER: 2019

LANGUAGE: Elamite

DIALECT: Achaemenid

LOCATION: SW Iran

POPULATION: extinct (c. 1,000 A.D.)

CLASSIFICA: Elamo-Dravidian

OTHERSOURC:

McAlpin, David W. 1981. Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and its Implications. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
Blazek, Václav. 2002. "Elam: A Bridge between the Ancient Near East and Dravidian India?," Mother Tongue 7, 123-46.
Starostin, George. 2002. "On the Genetic Affiliation of the Elamite Language," Mother Tongue 7, 147-70.

CONSONANTS:

p t k

s z š
m n
l
r

STOPS: p t k

FRICATIVES: s z š

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j (w)

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i (e)

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u

NOUNNUMBER: s p (normally used only with humans)

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D

PREPPOST: POST

COMMENTS: McAlpin (1981), following earlier scholars, proposed that the extinct Elamite language was most closely related to the Dravidian family. Without denying this connection Blazek (2002) points out striking similarities with Afro-Asiatic. Starostin (2002) rejects a close connection with Dravidian and regards Elamite as in some sense intermediate between Nostratic and Afro-Asiatic. The precise position of Elamite is not yet clear.

NUMBER: 2020

LANGUAGE: Proto-Dravidian

LOCATION: India

CLASSIFICA: Dravidian

OTHERSOURC:

Emeneau, M. B. 1970. Dravidian Comparative Phonology: A Sketch. Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.
Pfeiffer, Martin. 1972. Elements of Kurux Historical Phonology. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Zvelebil, Kamil V. 1974. "Dravidian Languages," EB 5, 989-92.

CONSONANTS:

p t̪ t ṭ k
č
v
m n ṇ ñ
l ḷ
ɾ ɹ̣

STOPS: p t̪ t ṭ k

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: v

NASALS: m n ṇ ñ

LATERALS: l ḷ

VIBRANTS: ɾ ɹ̣

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: sing: masc, non-masc; pl: hum, non-hum

SYNTAX: SOV